Editor-in-Chief: Giuseppe Nunnari, MD, Ph.D, MPH.

Professor of Infectious Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

Adjunct Assistant Professor, Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, USA

Executive Editor-in-Chief: Patrick Mallon, MD, Ph.D

Associate Dean for Research and Innovation, UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College, Dublin, Ireland

Vice Editors

Prof. Lilian Abbo, Division of Infectious, Diseases, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA

Prof. Andrea Calcagno, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Dr. Manuela Ceccarelli, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

Dr. Antonio Di Biagio, Infectious Diseases Clinic, IRCCS San Martino–IST University Hospital, Genova, Italy.

Dr. Emanuele Focà, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy

Prof. Giordano Madeddu, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy

Dr. Marilia Rita Pinzone, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

Dr. Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

Prof. Carlo Torti, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy

Associate Editors

Prof. Santiago Moreno, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, University of Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.

Dr. Massimiliano Berretta, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy

Prof. Bruno Cacopardo, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

Prof. Una O’Doherty, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA

Prof. Giulia Marchetti, University of Milan, Ospedale San Paolo di Milano, Milan, Italy

Dr. Michele Di Rosa, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

Prof. Fabrizio Condorelli, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Novara, Italy

Senior Editors

Prof. Lilian Abbo, University of Miami, USA

Prof. Massimo Andreoni, University of Torvergata, Italy

Prof. Gioacchino Angarano, University of Bari, Italy

Dr. Andrea Antinori, I.R.C.C.S. L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy

Prof. David Burger, University of Liverpool, UK

Prof. Antonio Craxì, University of Palermo, Italy

Prof. Francesco Castelli, University of Brescia, Italy.

Prof. Roberto Cauda, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy

Prof. Antonella D’Arminio Monforte, University of Milan, Ospedale San Paolo di Milano, Italy

Prof. Gianni Di Perri, University of Turin, Italy

Prof. Ian Frank, University of Pennsylavania, Philadelphia, USA

Prof. Andrew Freedman, University of Cardiff, UK

Prof. Massimo Galli, University of Milan, Italy

Prof. Philippe Gallay, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, USA

Prof. Daniel Grint, University College London, London, UK

Prof. Andrea Gori, S. Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy

Dr. Giuseppe Ippolito, I.R.C.C.S. L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy

Prof. Adriano Lazzarin, Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele, Milano, Italy

Prof. Mattias Mandorfer, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Vienna HIV & Liver Study Group, Vienna, Austria

Prof. Claudio Mastroianni, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

Prof. Josè Moltò, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Prof. Santiago Moreno, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, University of Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

Prof. Una O’Doherty, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA

Prof. Carlo Federico Perno, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

Prof. Mario Stevenson, University of Miami, USA

Dr. Umberto Tirelli, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy

Prof. Pierluigi Viale, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Prof. Claudio Viscoli, University of Genova, Italy

Prof. Vincenzo Vullo, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

Section Editors

Bacterial Infection

Prof. Stefania Stefani, University of Catania

Prof. Francesco De Rosa, University of Turin, Italy

Prof. Matteo Bassetti, University of Udine, Italy

Prof. Paola Di Carlo, University of Palermo, Italy

Clinical Pathology

Dr. Giulia Malaguarnera, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

Hospital Infection

Dr. Saverio Latteri, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

Prof. Abbo Lilian, University of Miami, USA

Prof Angelo Pan, University of Cremona, Italy

EBV and Human Endogenous Retroviruses

Dr. Giuseppe Mameli, University of Sassari, Italy

Ear, Nose and Throat

Prof. Salvatore Cocuzza, University of Catania, Italy

Dr. Paola Di Mauro, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

Fungal Infection

Prof. Salvatore Oliveri, University of Catania, Italy

Hepatitis

HCV

Prof. Antonio Craxì, University of Palermo, Italy

Prof. Philippe Gallay, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, USA

Prof. Calogero Cammà, University of Palermo, Italy

Prof. Mattias Mandorfer, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Vienna HIV & Liver Study Group, Vienna, Austria

Prof. Daniel Grint University College London, London, UK

Prof. Sergio Babudieri, University of Sassari, Italy

Prof. Guglielmo Borgia, University of Naples, Italy

Prof. Massimo Puoti, University of Brescia, Italy

Prof. Giovanni Battista Gaeta, University of Napoli, Italy

Prof. Raffaele Bruno, University of Pavia, Italy

HBV

Prof. Giovanni Raimondo, University of Messina, Italy

Prof. Teresa Pollicino, University of Messina, Italy

HIV/AIDS

HIV Epidemiology

Dr. Salvatore Martini, University of Naples. Italy.

Dr. Benedetto Maurizio Celesia, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania, Italy

Prof. Mura Maria Stella, University of Sassari, Italy

Dr. Giuseppe Ippolito, I.R.C.C.S. L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy

HIV Pathogenesis

Prof. Mario Stevenson, University of Miami, USA

Prof. Guido Poli, San Raffaele, Milan, Italy

Prof. Mario Clerici, University of Milano, Italy.

Dr. Michele Di Rosa, University of Catania, Italy

Prof. Stefano Rusconi, University of Milan, Italy

Prof. Andrea De Maria, University of Genova, Italy

HIV Immunology

Prof. Andrea Cossarizza, University of Modena, Italy

Prof. Giulia Marchetti, University of Milan, Ospedale San Paolo di Milano, Italy

Prof. Andrea Gori, S. Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy

Dr. Gabriella D’Ettorre, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

Prof. Miriam Lichtner, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

Dr. Giancarlo Ceccarelli, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

Dr. Claudio Ucciferri, University of Molise, Italy

Prof. Mario Venditti, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

HIV Drugs

Prof. Cristina Mussini, University of Modena, Italy

Dr. Silvia Nozza, San Raffaele, Milan, Italy

Dr. Giuseppe Lapadula, University Hospital of Monza, Italy

Dr. Franco Maggiolo, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Di Bergamo, Italy

Dr. Sergio Lo Caputo, Ospedale S. Maria Annunziata, Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze, Italy

Dr. Diego Ripamonti, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy

Prof. Antonella Castagna, IRCCs San Raffaele Hospital, Milano, Italy

Prof. Simona Di Giambenedetto, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy

Prof. Andrea De Luca, University Hospital of Siena, Italy

Dr. Cristina Gervasoni, University of Milan, Italy

HIV Drug Resistance

Dr. Daniele Armenia, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

Prof. Valentina Svicher, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

Dr. Mariella Santoro, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

HIV Pharmacokinetics

Prof. Stefano Bonora, University of Turin, Italy

Dr. Marco Siccardi, University of Liverpool, UK

Prof. Antonio D’Avolio, University of Turin, Italy

HIV HCV Coinfection

Prof. Ivana Maida, University of Sassari, Italy

Dr. Lorenzo Badia, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy

Prof. Annalisa Saracino, University of Bari, Italy

Prof. Nicola Coppola, University of Naples, Italy

Prof. Gloria Taliani, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

HIV HBV Coinfection

Prof. Ivana Maida, University of Sassari, Italy

Dr. Federica Sozio, University Hospital of Pescara, Italy

HIV Opportunistic Diseases

Prof. Andrew Freedman, University of Cardiff, UK

Dr. Renato Maserati, IRCCs San Matteo, Universtiy of Pavia, Italy

HIV Comorbidities

Dr. Giuseppe De Socio, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.

Dr. Giordano Madeddu, University of Sassari, Italy

Dr. Marco Borderi, University of Bologna, Italy

Dr. Antonio Di Biagio, University of Genoa, Italy

Dr. Giovanni Guaraldi, University of Modena, Italy

Dr. Paolo Maggi, University of Bari, Italy

Dr. Giustino Parruti, University Hospital of Pescara, Italy

Prof. Leonardo Calza, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

HIV and Central Nervous System

Dr. Andrea Antinori, I.R.C.C.S. L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy

Prof. Maria Rosa Ciardi, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

Dr. Paola Cinque, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Hospital, Milano, Italy

HIV and Tumors

Dr. Massimiliano Berretta, National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy

Dr. Umberto Tirelli, National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy

Leishmaniasis

Prof. Antonio Cascio, University of Messina, Italy

Prof. Claudio Guarneri, University of Messina, Italy

Occupational Medicine

Prof. Venerando Rapisarda, University of Catania, Italy

Dr. Caterina Ledda, University of Catania, Italy

Clinical Pathology

Dr. Michele Di Rosa, University of Catania, Italy

Prof. Carla Loreto, University of Catania, Italy

Prof. Massimo Libra, University of Catania, Italy

Osteomielitis

Dr. Patrick Mallon, MD, Ph.D, UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Ireland

Prof. Vito Pavone, Vittorio Emanuele Hospital, University of Catania, Italy

Parasitology

Prof. Francesco Castelli, University of Brescia, Italy

Dr. Piero Olliaro, WHO/TDR Director of Implementation Research in Neglected Tropical Diseases

Dr. Federico Gobbi, Center for Tropical Diseases (CTD), Sacro Cuore Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy

Dr. Silvia Odolini, University of Brescia, Italy

Dr. Lorenzo Zammarchi, University of Firenze, Italy

Pediatric

Dr. Piero Pavone, Vittorio Emanuele Hospital, University of Catania, Italy

Prof. Lorenzo Pavone, Vittorio Emanuele Hospital, Italy

Dr. Raffaele Falsaperla, Vittorio Emanuele Hospital, University of Catania, Italy

Dr. Giovanna Vitaliti, Vittorio Emanuele Hospital, University of Catania, Italy

Prof. Claudia Colomba, University of Palermo, Italy

Tuberculosis

Dr. Saverio De Lorenzo, Dipartimento di Patologia Respiratoria, A.O. della Valtellina e Valchiavenna, Sondalo, Sondrio

Dr. Alberto Matteelli, University of Brescia, Italy

Dr. Giuseppe Ippolito, I.R.C.C.S. L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy

Vaccines

Dr. Matthias J. Schnell, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA

Prof. Guido Silvestri, Emory University, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, USA

Prof. Mirko Paiardini, Emory University, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, USA

Viral Infection

Prof. Carlo Federico Perno, Universityof Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

Prof. Mario Stevenson, University of Miami, USA

Prof. Valentina Svicher, Universityof Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

Prof. Francesca Ceccherini Silberstein, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

Dr. Maria Santoro, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

Statistical Methods

Prof. Mario Bruno Cesana, University of Brescia, Italy

Prof. Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri, University College London, UK

Prof. Francesco Donato, University of Brescia, Italy

EDITORIAL BOARD

Santiago Moreno, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, University of Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain (HIV Clinical Research)

Matthias J. Schnell, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA (Vaccines)

Philippe Gallay, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, USA (HIV HCV Basic Research)

Mario Stevenson, University of Miami, USA (HIV Basic Research)

Lilian Abbo, University of Miami, USA (Hospital Infections)

Josè Moltò, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Pharmacology)

David Burger, University of Liverpool, UK (Pharmacology)

Paola Cinque, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Hospital, Italy (CNS Infections)

Aylin Yilmaz, (CNS Infections)

Piero Olliaro, WHO/TDR Director of Implementation Research in Neglected Tropical Diseases (CNS Infections)

Francesco Castelli, University of Brescia, Italy (CNS Infections)

Federico Gobbi, Center for Tropical Diseases (CTD), Sacro Cuore Hospital, Negrar, Italy (Tropical)

Mattias Mandorfer, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (HCV)

Daniel Grint, University College London, UK (HCV)

Prof. Francesco De Rosa, University of Turin, Italy (Bacteria)

Prof. Kannan Subbaram, School of Medicine, The Maldives National University, Male’, Maldives

Pradeep Rohan Ruwanpura, Karapitiya Teaching Hospital, Galle, Sri Lanka; General Sir John Kotelawela Defence University, Rathmalana, Sri Lanka; Post Graduate Institute of Medicine (PGIM), University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

Editorial Member

Dr. Mauro Maresca, University of Catania, Italy

Dr. Castronuovo Daniela, University of Catania, Italy

Dr. Bagella Paola, University of Sassari, Italy

Dr. Rossella Fontana del Vecchio, University of Catania, Italy

Edoardo Scibilia, University of Catania, Italy

Editorial Office Director

Mariella Verduci