Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a life-threatening infection first described among neutropenic hematological patients. It is the most frequent form of invasive fungal infection caused by the filamentous fungi species named Aspergillus. Classically, patients at risk are those with prolonged neutropenia, recipients of hematopoietic stem-cell transplants or solid-organ transplants, and patients with immunodeficiency (e.g. AIDS, chronic granulomatous disease). During the last decade, it became increasingly clear that IPA is not only an opportunistic infection of the neutropenic patients but that it could affect other groups of patients having different clinical and anatomical/pathological manifestations. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represent a very challenging group of patients because of the frequency and the difficulty in diagnosing this illness. We propose a review of the recent literature concerning the diagnosis of IPA among patients with COPD.